tonton macoute uncle gunnysack

The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier . The Man on the Shore: Directed by Raoul Peck. and pl. . The Tonton Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. found: Wikipedia, Sept. 26, 2014(A Tonton Macoute was a member of the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier; in 1970, the militia was officially renamed Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN), perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist . They are referenced in the Showtime series DEXTER in a fictional storyline. Nobody knows who I am. Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. Sponsored by Despite the devastation there is still hope as Brown and many other institutions have extended their hands to help the aid and recovery of Haiti. Tonton Macoute was a progressive jazz/rock band formed in the UK in 1971 from the remaining 4 musicians of Windmill (2) after the death of lead singer/guitarist Dick Scott in a road accident whilst on tour. The Haitians nicknamed this warlord-led goon squad the Tonton Macoutes, after the Creole translation of a common myth, about an uncle (Tonton) who kidnaps and punishes obstreperous kids by snaring them in a gunnysack (Macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. This religious affiliation gave the Macoutes a sense of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public, which allowed them to perform horrific acts without any form of retribution from the Haitian population at large. His brutality was manifest whenever there was a shortage of what he considered raw material (corpses). Haitain presidents do not have a good treck record but Papa Doc is determined to be different.This Special fosuses on the infamous Haitain dictator Franois . Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Donec aliquet. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole Tonton Makout) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois Papa Doc Duvalier. The crime of Gdor gave rise to this term[1] because the kidnapers used a gunny sack to carry with the children. Scary tales for children, especially American children. The trick was to buy into Papas voodoo, to buy into his cult of personality in front of others - but not to believe in it personally. I ensured a peephole was present in every interrogation room, so that Papa could watch without anyone being aware. Instead it seems that he is accusing the Haitian population of retaliating against his oppressive regime. Below are maps providing data on Haitian immigration to areas in New York and the United States as a whole. My friends took the woman away, leaving only myself and the victim kneeling before me. Nevertheless, he remained an ardent supporter of the Haitian regime until his death in October of 2006. . For more information, please see our Trump has not done even one of these things-there is going to be an election this year and the balance of power between branches of government is basically the same. A spate of coups followed, with military figures occupying the vacancy left by Baby Doc.. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Compact with performance. Translated literally from Creole: Tonton (Uncle) Macoute (gunnysack). The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. After an attempted coup against him in 1958, Duvalier rewrote the Haitian constitution. [5] In Bulgaria, children are sometimes told that a dark scary monster-like person called Torbalan (Bulgarian: , which comes from "", meaning a sack, so his name means "Man with a sack") will come and kidnap them with his large sack if they misbehave. Uncle Gunnysack, who would stuff naughty children into his knapsack and eat them for breakfast - the Macoutes were a mixture of gang, cult, secret . Tonton Macoute The name Tonton Macoute (translates as "Uncle Gunnysack") originated from Haitian Creole mythology. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. We just moved to the black market. My friend kicked in the door of the hut - it didn't even have a lock, but we had a reputation to keep. Tonight my daughter woke me, crying that someone was underneath her bed. Im afraid to look into this further but this cant be ignored. I rose quickly through the ranks. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Forums. I dont know if I was the only one who didnt believe. These ghosts from the past still torment Haitian and U.S. policy: last year a group of civic activists accused the Obama administration of turning a blind-eye to the criminal activity being practiced against Aristide backers and supporters of his Fanmi Lavalas party. The Sack Man (also called the Bag Man or Man with the Bag/Sack) is a figure similar to the bogeyman, portrayed as a man with a sack on his back who carries naughty children away. [citation needed], Several countries contrast their version of the sack man with the benign sack carrier Father Christmas. They have to come in and get tested themselves. : (401) 863-2165. Tonton Macoute (Creole: Tonton Makout) can be translated as bogeyman, though it literally means Uncle Gunnysack., In 1959, only two years after becoming president, Papa Doc created a paramilitary force that would report only to him and would be fully empowered to use unremitting violence to maintain the new administrations authority to summarily dispose of its enemies. Her mother is Haitian though, and sometimes she tells the children about Tonton Macoute. Growing up, I was terrified of being carried away for Uncle Gunnysack's breakfast. In Haitian Creole mythology Tonton Macoute (Uncle Gunnysack) was the name of a boogeyman who walked the streets after dark, and would . In Haitian Creole mythology, Tonton Macoutes was a bogeyman who kidnapped errant children in the night and stored them in his knapsack. He was succeeded by his son Jean "Baby Doc" Duvalier. In English, that means the Militia of National Security Volunteers. Discussion; Bug Reporting; Delete/Combine Pages He was just a story a device mothers used to keep unruly children in line. He stowed them away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. "Beppo" and "Uncle Mengele" were nicknames of Dr. Josef Mengele, also referred to less cutely as "the Angel of Death." An unidentified Brazilian Serial Killer was nicknamed the "Rainbow Maniac", . For the criminal money collector, see, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Schmutzli: the Swiss Santa's sinister sidekick, The Central Nervous System of Haitis Reign of Terror, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sack_Man&oldid=1093577088, This page was last edited on 17 June 2022, at 14:12. It was also the name of Haitian dictator Papa Doc Duvallier's brutal presidential guard. Franois Duvalier (better known as "Papa Doc") came to power in 1957, as a democratically-elected leader on a populist platform. I I made the decision to join. Their straw hats, blue denim shirts, dark glasses and machetes remain indelibly etched in the minds of millions of Haitians. Feam making me a model student and son, I studied hard, becoming the only boy in my village to speak English. The term translates to Uncle Gunnysack in English, based on a children's fairytale, in which the ogre would kidnap disobedient children and devour them. I live under a false name, in a small town. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. I got the position by killing the last leader, and bringing his head encased in ice to Papa. Many Haitians today are unhappy with the way justice has been dealt to the Duvalier family. Translated literally from Creole: Tonton (Uncle) Macoute (gunnysack). It never surprises me how evil people are. They included numerous murders and violent acts, such as forcing mothers to carry the heads of their dead children, forcing fathers to rape their daughters, and drowning people. Why is Haiti so poor? In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a similar creature is known: bubk. ), a Haitian term that describes an old folktale character (Uncle Knapsack) who snatches children into a knapsack or basket ( makout) and often eats them alive. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Duvalier. 2 years later he ripped up his own previous constitution called a rigged election where he was the only candidate it was a landslide then two years later declared himself president for life and began ruling entirely by his own whims. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. It had been years since someone had said those words to me. Silly girl, I said, Nana must have told you that Tonton Macoute only goes after bad children. Growing up, I was terrified of being carried away for Uncle Gunnysacks breakfast. Since the fading of the militia, the Human Rights Watch said in a report on Haiti, in 2004, "The United States . The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the Macoutes cruelty. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Contents [ hide] 1 Reign of terror 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 External links He was our Boogeyman - he would snatch bad children from their beds at night,put them in a sack and then eat them in the morning. "Demographic data was downloaded from U.S. Census and boundaries from esri.com and NYC CSCIC. He was our Boogeyman - he would snatch bad children from their beds at night,put them in a sack and then eat them in the morning. . We didnt bother testing, although we said we did. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. The Haitians nicknamed this warlord-led goon squad the Tonton Macoutes, after the Creole translation of a common myth, about an uncle (Tonton) who kidnaps and punishes obstreperous kids by snaring them in a gunnysack (Macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. . This was especially true under President Franois Duvalier. In 1959, he created the force, which was granted automatic amnesty for any crime committed during any official act. showed little enthusiasm for the prosecution of past abuses . Although the United States was a preeminently active and interested participant in the development of Haitis political culture, it failed to speak out against such atrocitiesnot even during human rights-focused administrations such as Jimmy Cartersas a result of Cold War logic. I feel a lump rise in my throat, a childlike weakness coming over me before darkness drops like a sack over my eyes. Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes . See also: Les Boubou Macoutesde:Tonton Macoute, https://academickids.com:443/encyclopedia/index.php/Tonton_Macoute. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. He was so horrified by the crimes committed by them that he couldn't stop himself from shooting a known member of the Macoutes when he spotted him in Miami in 2006. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur, ce dui lectus, ca. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the Na . Translated literally from Creole: Tonton (Uncle) Macoute (gunnysack). The Tonton Macoutes are also known as the Militia of National Security Volunteers. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie conse

For more information regarding Stieve's research methodology, review the Library Resource Guide for Spatial Data and GIS and the Library FAQs. Things did change- they became worse. I spent a minute trying to figure out where she would have heard it before remembering the girls Grandmother. 1 Tonton Macoutes The secret police of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier in Haiti, the Tonton Macoutes were given their name to instill fear in the public; "Tonton Macoute" ("Uncle Gunnysack") is a bogeyman also known as "Sack Man" who kidnaps unruly or disrespectful children and throws them in a bag that he carries over his shoulder. Fusconec aliquet. In addition to political turmoil, Haiti has experienced a number of natural disasters. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Brown University | Providence, RI 02912 | (401) 863-1000 | Web Feedback. Exhaling with relief, I realised I was in the familiar location of a hospital room. It is alleged that the death squad continues to operate in Haiti, through 2000. Haiti Local is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Gen. The 'dew breaker' voices a . The Boogeymen. But what he told me made me wish it had been Uncle Gunnysack, taking me away. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. The militia preyed upon people, who supported Duvalier's political opponents, or declined to contribute money for a government project, which provided graft for dishonest officials, certainly supporters of the Duvalier regime. Doakes described the crimes the Tonton Macoutes were responsible for to Maria LaGuerta. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale ( MVSN ). (Amy Wilentz's "A zombie is a Slave Forever. This is because there is less fortification of the land. The children are never seen again. The Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN), or (Militia of) National Security Volunteers, was commonly called the "Tonton Macoutes".It was a Haiti an militia / secret police force created in 1959 and reporting directly to Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. (Amy Wilentz's "A zombie is a Slave Forever." They were named after Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), a mythological bogeyman who kidnaps and punishes unruly children. I wanted, for once in my life, to be the one wielding the power. The name itself comes from a Krampus like figure also know as Uncle Gunnysack who kidnaps bad children. In Haiti, the Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Uncle Gunnysack) is a giant, and a counterpart of Father Christmas, renowned for abducting bad children by putting them in his knapsack. Duvalier and Trump both became president on populist and nationalist platforms, then began to consolidate power step by step. The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) [1] [2] [3] or simply the Macoute [4] [5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. After 1991, when Aristide was illegally forced to leave the presidency, the vestiges of the MVSN became known as attachs, or savage groups of vigilantes attached to government security forces, or crooked political organizations which had the ability to use force against its foes. In Haitian French, Tonton Macoute (7) means "Uncle Gunnysack," an embodiment of the devil in Haitian folklore. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. In that case, he did not hesitate to kill innocent people to facilitate the growth of his industry., In 1971, following an altercation with the Duvalier family regarding his role in post-Papa Doc Haiti, Luckner fled to Miami. I had more money, but open-heart surgery a few years ago sucked up the last of my savings, along with almost killing me. The U.S. has been an active supporter, albeit from the shadows, even years after the Tonton Macoute reign of violence officially was over. He stated once in the British newspaper The Independent that a good Duvalierist is prepared to kill his children (for Duvalier) and expects his children to kill their parents for him. This sentiment displays the rationale of the Tonton Macoutes, a goon squad, which was fiercely loyal to but one family and not in any way in the service of the nation or its people. [2] In Brazil, o homem do saco is portrayed as a tall and imposing adult male, usually in the form of a vagrant, who carries a sack on his back, and collects mean disobedient children for nefarious purposes. Washington's political agenda regarding Haiti's struggle for democracy valued Duvalier's seeming contribution as an abolisher of Communism in the Caribbean, over the rights of the Haitian people, who sought a democratic form of government and a leader, who respected democratic principles. However, despite the religious nature of vodou, the facts as well as the numbers speak for themselves. A soldier, years later, told me that Papa Doc hadnt even made that order. Tel. They operated with almost no restraint, performing various killings and kidnappings throughout their reign of terror, from 1959 to 1982. UNCLE GUNNYSACK UNCLE GUNNYSACK HE IS EATING ME - twists in my mind but I am awake and I tear at the fabric in front of my eyes until it is gone and I see him. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! In Haitian folklore comes, Uncle Gunnysack out late at night and puts children into his gunnysack. is the name of a Johnny Jenkins music album. Danticat opens by describing the main character in a soft but insistent way. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. There did used to be a Hitler bar in South Korea though I believe its closed now. The militia consisted mostly of illiterate fanatics that were converted into ruthless zombie-like gunmen. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Consequently, a number of small paramilitary bodies were organized to work with these mafias as stability keepers. Tonton Macoute or Uncle Gunnysack was a Haitian bogeyman who would snare misbehaving children and eat them for breakfast. [citation needed], In North India, children are sometimes threatened with the Bori Baba or "Father Sack" who carries a sack in which he places children he captures. Judging from Wilentz's account of them, how appropriate was the name for a member of "Papa Doc's" secret police? [4] A similar figure, Krampus, appears in the folklore of Alpine countries, sometimes depicted with a sack or washtub to carry children away. Here You Can Submit Creepy Pics Of Old People. He stowed them away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. Good name for a death metal band. I felt the warmth seep into my shoes and it felt nice. These merciless killers murdered over 60,000 Haitians and many more were forced to flee their homes. Ils sont tous mort. The character of ert, the devil, is used for that instead ("Don't be naughty or ert will take you away!"). I'd wager you couldn't make a leftist's head explode if you had ten tons of plastic explosive and ten weeks to come up with a good comment. My friend had just been bored and wanted to sleep with that mans wife. What this means is that the Tontons Macoutes were part of a conscious strategy to identify spiritual forces and nationalism with loyalty to Duvalier, and to instill fear in [his] opponents. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. I wish I could say that it was to stop my family from starvation, or that I did it to help people. Tonton Macoute In 1959, only two years after becoming president, "Papa Doc" created a paramilitary force that would report only to him and would be fully empowered to use unremitting violence to maintain the new administration's authority to summarily dispose of its enemies. Activists called out the Obama administration in 2010, for ignoring criminal abuses carried out against pro-Aristide loyalists during the 2010 Haiti elections. We left his corpse where it was, and hung his wife in the centre of town. In English that translates to Uncle Gunnysack. The hand holding the machete instead of the hand being severed. : (401) 863-9800, Developed & hosted by By the time our time was done, Papa, myself and the Tonton Macoute had killed 30,000 of our countrymen. This data was compiled by Brown University Librarian Thomas Stieve using ArcGIS. He is an important and self-indulgent man in the Tonton Macoutes who has been sent to kill an outspoken preacher. Voodoo and violence ruled the minds of the men from my village, leaving them distracted and stupid enough to accept their shitty lot in life. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. it impeded accountability . Comment, Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack. It was the name of a bogeyman who walked the streets after dark, and would . It was notorious for its widespread and brutal repression of political dissidents. The Tonton macoutes were known for wearing dark glasses, wielding machetes, and leaving their victims hanging in a public place as a warning to others. An unofficial uniform of designer T-shirts and mirrored sunglasses reflected the money, prestige and power one could earn under Papa Doc. Tonton Bufe, Istanbul: See unbiased reviews of Tonton Bufe, one of 16,430 Istanbul restaurants listed on Tripadvisor. Instead, he is recognised as an insane murderer that somehow has been accepted by society which allows him to take a child that has been given to him willingly by disappointed parents or any child that is not home by sundown or supper time. In Haiti, the Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Uncle Gunnysack) is a giant, and a counterpart of Father Christmas, renowned for abducting bad children by putting them in his knapsack. Donec aliquet. He consolidated his power by creating an undercover death squad which Haitian's referred to as the Tonton Macoute (Uncle Gunnysack) which is named after a local mythological creature that kidnaps children and carries them away in a sack to be eaten. Summertime "Summertime" is an aria composed in 1934 by George Gershwin for the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess.The lyrics are by DuBose Heyward, the author of the novel Porgy on which the opera was based, and Ira Gershwin. Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ('Uncle Gunnysack'), who kidnaps and punishes unruly . Donec aliquet. Their aim is true, but the odds are stacked against them. It was the name of a bogeyman who walked the streets after dark, and would kidnap children who stayed out too late. During the dictatorship of Papa Doc Duvalier, certain Haitian secret policemen were given the name Tontons Macoutes because they were said also to make people disappear. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Except Duvalier immediately created a new constitution, exiled all his political rivals, fired all generals not directly loyal to him, created a paramilitary secret police twice the size of the army(The Tonton Macoute) all within two years Duvalier ran on Black Nationalism ie . During Haiti's earthquake, "Baby Doc" pledged to donate $8 million dollars to the Red Cross. They could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had the temerity to support an opposing politician, all the way to an accommodating foreign diplomat or even a business man who refused to donate money for public works (the public works being the pockets of corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (macoute) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast. Variants of this figure appear all over the world, particularly in Latin countries, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy (where he is known as the vecchio col sacco ("the old man with the sack"), and the countries of Latin America, where it is referred to as el "Hombre del costal", el hombre del saco, or in Portuguese, o homem do saco (all of which mean "the sack/bag man"), and Eastern Europe. Duvalier used the Tonton Macoutes as an instrument to strike terror into the hearts of anyone, who advocated a progressive agenda. They were not accountable to any state branch, court or elected body, but rather only to their leader, Papa Doc. He made money, and lots of it, by sending corpses to U.S. medical universities, which earned him the apt title "Vampire of the Caribbean". Fun fact: there is or was a club in Cumbernauld, Scotland called Papa Doc's. [7][8] The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)[1][2][3] or simply the Macoute[4][5] was a . Tonton Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. I realised that like zombies, Jesus and other folklore, Tonton Macoute wasnt real. My friends shook their machetes at the screaming children and Grandmother as we took their parents away. The darkness of the Tonton Macoutes era may have seemed to subside upon the official dismemberment of the organization, which occurred after Baby Doc fled Haiti for France in 1986. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Franois Duvalier. During his dictatorship he used the military force of the Tonton Macoutes to ensure power over the people through use of torture and propaganda. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Tonton Macoute! The militia consisted mostly of illiterate fanatics that were converted into ruthless zombie-like gunmen. Judging from Wilentz's account of them, how I removed their organs and blood before resorting to the acid. Children are told that "Babay" is an old man with a bag or a monster, usually hiding under the bed, and that he will take them away if they misbehave (though he is sometimes depicted as having no set appearance). These abuses were instigated by Guy Philippe, an ex-militia leader and convicted drug trafficker and money-launderer. Luckner Cambronne was a particularly fierce head of the Tonton Macoutes throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, for two reasons: first, because he was considered perhaps the most powerful and influential man in Haiti during the transition from Papa to Baby Doc, and second, because of his unique brand of cruelty that enabled him to become very rich and earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean., As a result of his close relationship with Papa Doc, Luckner climbed rapidly up Haitis power structure and he became the chief plotter of the extortions carried out by his henchmen. Linguistically isolated households are households in which either no person age 14+ speaks only English at home, or no person age 14+ who speaks a language other than English at home speaks English "very well.". I sit, listening to the kids shriek and laugh at the tales of Tonton Macoute and think about the truth and how to say it. In 1959, he created the force, which was granted automatic amnesty for any crime committed during any official act. This paramilitary group also extended its influence far outside La Hispaniola to diasporas throughout the world, Fraph also had a presence abroad, with offices in New York, Miami, Montreal and other cities with large Haitian exile communities.. And they were pretty spooky figures in the real world too. The entire family had been sleeping in the room, eight of them a grandmother, her daughter and her husband and their five children. You should I believe a big part of why Haiti is not doing so well these days is because of Papa Doc and his son Baby Doc. It's just one more number I've been ignoring since I gave up being a bank clerk. My doctor didn't know what else to say, other than that I had AIDS, likely contracted from a blood transfusion. Provided by Barrymore Bogues, PhD, of Brown's Africana Studies Department. Haiti during papa Doc's reign: not a fun place! Whatever Papa requested, I made happen. Donec aliquet, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject, Explore documents and answered questions from similar courses, Explore recently asked questions from the same subject.

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