[126] Trudeau was often criticized for his "duplicity" on South Africa as he criticized apartheid, but refused to impose sanctions on South Africa. Peter Lougheed, then premier of Alberta, entered into tough negotiations with Trudeau and they reached a revenue-sharing agreement on energy in 1982. The notable exception was Lvesque, who, Trudeau believed, would never have signed an agreement. Shortly after graduating, he landed a position as a desk officer for the Privy Council. [116] In July 1976 a Canadian-EEC Framework Economic Agreement was signed, which came into effect on 1 October 1976. [22] ("Long Live Cuba! In his Memoir, he admitted that it was at Harvard's "super-informed environment", that he realized the "historic importance" of the war and that he had "missed one of the major events of the century in which [he] was living. At the federal level, Trudeau faced almost no strong political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. Although he aligned himself with the social democratic New Democratic Party, he felt that they could not achieve power, and instead joined the Liberal Party. As the new leader of the governing Liberals, Trudeau was sworn in as Prime Minister on April 20. He described the origin of the name Canadian. [182][183], When his divorce was finalized in 1984, Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to become a single parent as the result of divorce. [153] The Bank of Canada wrote that there was a "deeply troubling air of uncertainty and anxiety" about the economy. 3:49. [131] In fact, Trudeau did press Castro in private to pull his troops out of Angola, only for Castro to insist that Cuba would pull its forces out of Angola only when South Africa likewise pulled its forces out of not only Angola, but also Southwest Africa (modern Namibia) as well. Estimated Net Worth. His death sparked an outpouring of public mourning rarely seen in Canada. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche on November 13, 1998. The Quebec government potentially could have been allowed to pass any law short of secession to protect Quebec's constitutional right to be a "distinct society". [170], Michael W. Higgins, a former President of Catholic St. Thomas University, researched Trudeau's spirituality and finds that it incorporated elements of three Catholic traditions. Trudeau was the co-founder and editor of Cit Libre, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life and the override (notwithstanding clause) of the Charter has been infrequently used. The school, which was for both English and French Catholics, was an exclusive school with very small classes and he excelled in mathematics and religion. [106], Trudeau attached little importance to relations with Britain. [attribution needed] He studied philosophy under Dominican Father Louis-Marie Rgis and remained close to him throughout his life, regarding Rgis as "spiritual director and friend". In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but often pursued an independent path in international relations. [65] By 1980, Canada had accepted about 44,000 of the "boat people", making it one of the top destinations for them. . Peoples may agree to share a single state while retaining substantial degrees of self-government over matters essential to their identity as peoples". After much discussion within the cabinet, Trudeau finally declared that Canada would stay within NATO after all on 3 April 1969, but he would cut back Canada's forces within Europe by 50%. "[22], Young Trudeau opposed conscription for overseas service,[22] and in 1942 he campaigned for the anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau (later the mayor of Montreal) in Outremont. He was frequently known to use the term "walk in the snow" as a trope; he claimed to have taken a similar walk in December 1979 before deciding to take the Liberals into the 1980 election.[161]. This recognized that while Canada was a country of two official languages, it recognized a plurality of cultures "a multicultural policy within a bilingual framework". He published his memoirs in 1993. At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race for the Liberal leadership. Despite his personal motto, "Reason before passion",[4] Trudeau's personality and policy decisions aroused polarizing reactions throughout Canada during his time in office. [127] At a Commonwealth summit in Singapore between 14 and 22 January 1971, Trudeau argued that apartheid was not sustainable in the long run given that the black population of South Africa vastly outnumbered the white population, and it was extremely myopic for Britain to be supporting South Africa, given that majority rule in South Africa was inevitable. Within a year, he had reformed the divorce laws and liberalized the laws on abortion and homosexuality. On September 4, 1973, Trudeau requested Western Canadian provinces to agree to a voluntary freeze on oil prices during the ongoing Arab oil embargo. [37] Over a five-week period he attended many lectures and became a follower of personalism after being influenced most notably by Emmanuel Mounier. [157] By the time Trudeau left office in 1984, the budget deficit was at a whopping $37 billion (fiscal year 19841985). In Canada, as in most other countries with a Westminster system, budget votes are indirectly considered to be votes of confidence in the government, and their failure automatically brings down the government. Trudeau's paternal grandparents were French-speaking Quebec farmers. He consulted several people on his options, including Henri Bourassa, the economist Edmond Montpetit, and Father Robert Bernier, a Franco-Manitoban. [95] In March 1969, Trudeau visited Washington to meet President Richard Nixon, where the meeting went very civilly, through Nixon came to intensely dislike Trudeau over time, referring to him in 1971 as "that asshole Trudeau" [96] Nixon made it clear to Trudeau that a Canada that remained in NATO would be taken more seriously in Washington than a Canada that left NATO. Uncertain Country. Canada: A People's History. As minister of justice and attorney general, Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark Criminal Law Amendment Act, an omnibus bill whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, new gun ownership restrictions and the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, as well as the authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers. Pierre Trudeau was the 15th prime minister of Canada, famous for his youthful energy, his charismatic and controversial personality and his commitment to Canadian unity. The first of these was the Jesuits who provided his education up to the college level. His state funeral drew politicians from all across the world. Trudeau remains well regarded by many Canadians. In his application he wrote that he had prepared for public office by studying public speaking and publishing many articles in Brbeuf. He was also previously a teacher and actor. [64], During the refugee crisis caused by the flight of the so-called "boat people" from Vietnam as thousands of people, mostly ethnic Chinese, fled Communist Vietnam in makeshift boats across the South China Sea, usually to the British colony of Hong Kong, the Trudeau government was generous in granting asylum to the refugees. Pierre Trudeau was the 15th prime minister of Canada, famous for his youthful energy, his charismatic and controversial personality and his commitment to Canadian unity. After chairing a series of increasingly acrimonious conferences with first ministers on the issue, Trudeau announced the intention of the federal government to proceed with a request to the British parliament to patriate the constitution, with additions to be approved by a referendum without input from provincial governments. He earned the money being a professional Politician. [106] Ortoli refused Trudeau's request for a free trade agreement with the EEC, saying that was out of the question, but did agree to open talks on lowering tariffs between Canada and the EEC. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Trudeau's inheritance was worth around $1.2 million at the time, and his speaking fees garnered him more than $450,000 in his highest-earning year. Lawyer, professor, author and defender of human rights this statesman served as Prime Minister of Canada for fifteen years. On the eve of the election, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, rioting Quebec sovereignists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated, chanting "Trudeau au poteau!" [192][unreliable source?]. [122] His action strained relations with the United States from President Ford, future President Carter and the press and subjected Canada to international condemnation and shame. Trudeau also sought to officially and completely separate Canada from .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Queen Elizabeth IIs Britain. Because of his labour union activities in Asbestos, Trudeau was blacklisted by Premier Duplessis and was unable to teach law at the Universit de Montral. The Constitution Act, 1982, part of the Canada Act 1982, established the supremacy of the Constitution of Canada, which now could only be amended by the federal and provincial governments, under the amending formula established by the Constitution Act, 1982.[159]. However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. [139], After a series of defeats in by-elections in 1978, Trudeau waited as long as he could to call a statutory general election in 1979. Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel and settled in the historic Maison Cormier in Montreal following his retirement from politics. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting the Canadian Wheat Board. While Trudeau claimed to welcome the "clarity" provided by the PQ victory, the unexpected rise of the sovereignist movement became, in his view, his biggest challenge. [61], Trudeau's Cabinet fulfilled Part IV of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism's report by announcing a "Multiculturalism Policy" on October 8, 1971. Later, when he travelled to Japan as Prime Minister, he was promoted to shodan (first-degree black belt) by the Kodokan, and then promoted to nidan (second-degree black belt) by Masao Takahashi in Ottawa before leaving office. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he facedand remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterwards. [112] To show his approval of Schmidt, Trudeau not only agreed to spend more on NATO, but insisted that the Canadian Army buy the German-built Leopard tanks, which thereby boosted the West German arms industry, over the opposition of the Finance department, which felt that buying the Leopard tanks was wasteful. [21] In his first year at university, the prime topics of conversation were the Battle of France, the Battle of Britain, and the London blitz. Outstanding among such policies was the National Energy Program, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Trudeau's main national opponents were PC leader Robert Stanfield and NDP leader Tommy Douglas, both popular figures who had been Premiers, respectively, of Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan (albeit in Trudeau's native Quebec, the main competition to the Liberals was from the Ralliement crditiste, led by Ral Caouette). [23] Trudeau described a speech he heard in Montreal by Ernest Lapointe,[24] minister of justice and Prime Minister William Mackenzie King's Quebec lieutenant. Trudeau experienced a terrible loss in 1998. During the convention, prominent Cabinet Minister Judy LaMarsh was caught on television profanely stating that Trudeau wasn't a Liberal. Trudeau chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General: According to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, he was styled "The Right Honourable" for life. First Nations Peoples would be incorporated fully into provincial government responsibilities as equal Canadian citizens, and reserve status would be removed imposing the laws of private property in indigenous communities. [97], The NATO question badly divided the cabinet. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially Ontario and Qubec, at their expense. [71], Although this response is still controversial and was opposed at the time as excessive by parliamentarians like Tommy Douglas and David Lewis, it was met with only limited objections from the public. Trudeau soon announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader and favoured Donald Macdonald to be his successor. By Craig Turner. [188][unreliable source? Beyond his hip image, Trudeau had to lead his country through numerous challenges. With the enactment of the Canada Act 1982, the British Parliament ceded all authority over Canada to the governments of Canada. The breadth of the legislation, which touched on many powers traditionally considered the purview of the provinces, prompted a Supreme Court reference that only upheld the legislation as an emergency requiring Federal intervention under the British North America Act. [93] In a speech in December 1968, Trudeau asked: "Can we assume Russia wants war because it invaded Czechoslovakia?". Nine days after, the Trudeau government imposed a 40-cent tax on every barrel of Canadian oil exported to the United States to combat rising inflation and oil prices. [74], Trudeau faced increasing challenges in Quebec, starting with bitter relations with Bourassa and his Liberal government in Quebec. He felt that the party leadership tended toward a "deux nations" approach he could not support. Weight (Approx.) [165] His opposition to both accords was considered one of the major factors leading to the defeat of the two proposals. His youngest son Michel died in an avalanche. Court actions under the Charter resulted in the adoption of same-sex marriage all across Canada by the federal Parliament. The crisis began when Quebec separatist group kidnapped a Quebec official and a British trade commissioner. [109], Trudeau had an especially close friendship with the Social Democratic West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, whom he greatly liked both for his left-wing politics and as a practical politician who was more concerned about getting things done rather than with ideological questions. Trudeau maintained, however, that he preferred to impose constraints on himself rather than have them imposed from the outside. On 19 February 1969, the Chinese finally responded and agreed to open talks in Stockholm on establishing diplomatic relations, which began on 3 April 1969. He earned most of his income from his political career. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta. Viva Castro!" Best Known For: Pierre Trudeau was the 15th prime minister of Canada, famous for his youthful energy, his charismatic and controversial personality and his commitment to Canadian unity. His progressive values and his close ties with Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) intellectuals (including F. R. Scott, Eugene Forsey, Michael Kelway Oliver and Charles Taylor) led to his support of and membership in that federal democratic socialist party throughout the 1950s. He advised Governor General Jeanne Sauv to appoint over 200 Liberals to patronage positions. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's cabinet as minister of justice and attorney general.[51]. [4] It is seen as advancing civil rights and liberties and has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. In 1967, he was appointed as minister of justice and attorney general. [104] As a consequence, Canadian-American relations which were already under stress because of the mutual contempt between Nixon and Trudeau, reached a post-war nadir. Lapointe had been a Liberal MP during the 1917 Conscription Crisis, in which the Canadian government had deployed up to 1,200 soldiers to suppress the Quebec City anti-conscription Easter Riots in March and April 1918. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1965, quickly being appointed as Prime Minister LesterB. Pearson's parliamentary secretary. [158], In 1982, Trudeau succeeded in patriating the Constitution. [192][unreliable source?] His family was quite wealthy by the time he was a teenager, as his father, a businessman and lawyer, had sold his gas station business to Imperial Oil some years prior. Under the legislation of the White Paper, Indian Status would be eliminated. [39], In the summer of 1948, Trudeau embarked on world travels to find a sense of purpose. Trudeau died in 2000. [100] Trudeau and Cadieux agreed to the compromise that Canada would stay in NATO, but drastically cut back its contributions, despite warnings from Ross Campbell, the Canadian member of the NATO Council, that the scale of the cuts envisioned would break Canada's treaty commitments. In 1963, Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. [105] Nixon was infuriated by the resolution and refused to see the Canadian ambassador in Washington in protest. The Premier of oil-rich Alberta, Peter Lougheed, called the decision "the most discriminatory action taken by a federal government against a particular province in the entire history of Confederation." Though polls portended disaster, Clark's struggles justifying his party's populist platform and a strong Trudeau performance in the election debate helped bring the Liberals to the point of contention.[140]. It was written by Wayne Grigsby, directed by Jerry Ciccoritt and features Colm Feore in the title role. The 1999 feature-length documentary by the National Film Board (NFB) entitled Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight Canadiansincluding John Duffyon how Trudeau's concept of nationalism and bilingualism affected them personally in the 1970s.[237]. [167][168] His body lay in state in the Hall of Honour in Parliament Hill's Centre Block to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. In the city where he lived, Pierre Trudeau's death is especially personal. After the court decision, which prompted some reservations in the British parliament of accepting a unilateral request,[160] Trudeau agreed to meet with the premiers one more time before proceeding. [85] By the time Trudeau's first tenure ended in 1979, the deficit grew to $12 billion (fiscal year 19791980), a large number that sharply contrasted to his relatively small deficit of $667 million in his first budget (19681969). Stphane Demers performs in the role.[206]. In the documentary mini-series The Champions directed by Donald Brittain, Trudeau was the co-subject along with Ren Lvesque. [149][150], This first budget, was one of a series of unpopular budgets delivered in response to the oil shock of 1979 and the ensuing severe global economic recession which began at the start of 1980. [15] He used his British passport instead of his Canadian passport in his travels through Pakistan, India, China, and Japan, often wearing local clothing to blend in. Father Boulin, who was the head of the college, said that during Trudeau's seven years at the college (19331940), he had won a "hundred prizes and honourable mentions" and "performed with distinction in all fields". [42] According to The Economist, when Trudeau returned to Canada in 1949 after an absence of five years, his mind was "seemingly broadened" from his studying at Harvard, the Institut d'tudes Politiques, and the LSE and his travels. Trudeau formally retired on June 30, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. Their third son, Michel (19751998), died in an avalanche while skiing in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park. Death: September 28, 2000, in Montreal, Quebec Education: BA - Jean de Brbeuf College, LL.L - Universit de Montral, MA, Political Economy - Harvard University, cole des sciences politiques, Paris, London School of Economics . [72], After consultations with the provincial premiers, Trudeau agreed to attend a conference called by British Columbia Premier W. A. C. Bennett to attempt to finally patriate the Canadian constitution. . In this sense, he believed he was more like a Protestant than a Catholic of the era in which he was schooled. Astrological Sign: Libra, Death Year: 2000, Death date: September 28, 2000, Death City: Montreal, Quebec, Death Country: Canada, Article Title: Pierre Trudeau Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/pierre-trudeau, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: October 28, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. By the late 1950s Trudeau began to reject social democratic and labour parties, arguing that they should put their narrow goals aside and join forces with Liberals to fight for democracy first. His ideas were popular, and on April 6, 1968, he won the post. [118] Unknown to Trudeau, the Chinese diplomatic corps had been so thoroughly purged during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution that the Chinese Foreign Ministry barely functioned by early 1969.
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