"[124] He worked with a marijuana task force to produce a report on licensing and regulation, which was released along with a letter of endorsement. [66] In September 2013, de Blasio voiced his opposition to charter schools, maintaining that their funding saps resources from classes like art, physical education and after-school programs. His Next Goal: Nicer Police", "New NYC Mayor Drops Stop-and-Frisk Appeal", "Unions' Bid for Role in Stop-and-Frisk Suits Is Rejected by Court", "NYPD's Bratton, Miller on stop-and-frisk and job qualifications", "Bill de Blasio Mayor: NYC Mayor-elect Selects Stop-and-Frisk Innovator William Bratton as Police Commissioner; Latino Candidates Snubbed? Then Came a Backlash From His Aides", "New York City community leaders call out mayor after he condemned a large gathering and singled out Jewish residents", "Judge blocks 25% capacity rule for religious services in NY", "Federal Judge Rules Against New York's Outdoor Gathering Restrictions", "De Blasio Quotes Marx's Communist Manifesto in Discussion on Relationship with NYC Business Community", "With School Visits, Chancellor Signals a Softer Stance on Charters", "Why Is Progressive Hero Bill de Blasio Throwing Charter Schools Out of New York City? They have two children: Dante, a graduate of Brooklyn Technical High School who graduated from Yale University in 2019,[184] and Chiara, a student at Santa Clara University in California. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio is in hot water over his alleged misuse of his security detail. [12][13] His paternal uncle, Donald George Wilhelm Jr., worked for the Central Intelligence Agency in Iran and ghostwrote the memoir of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Iran. The $350,000 contribution came just before the city came to terms with the UFT on generous teachers contract. Actions speak louder than words", "Police union, de Blasio blast Bloomberg over stop-and-frisk apology", "City tech approach gets mixed grades two years in", "Amazon's HQ2 deal with New York, explained", "Amazon Pulls Out of Planned New York City Headquarters", "De Blasio Outlines Steps to Eliminate Traffic Deaths", "Traffic Deaths in New York City Drop to 200, a Record Low", "After 17 Cyclists Die, New York City Makes $58.4 Million Plan", "De Blasio Mulls Mandatory Helmets For Citi Bike Riders, Licenses For All Cyclists", "Competition is fierce as bike rack installations slow", "Bright Spot for N.Y.'s Struggling Schools: Pre-K", "City Enrolls 68K in Pre-K, With Big Growth in Poorest Neighborhoods", "Mayor de Blasio Announces 3K Preschool for Three-Year Olds ShakingNews", "Bill de Blasio officially launches 2020 presidential campaign", "As De Blasio Contemplates a Presidential Run, There are Possible Warning Signs from 1972", "The Democratic candidates on foreign policy", "De Blasio proposes 'robot tax' to counter job losses from automation", "New York City mayor and 2020 candidate Bill de Blasio wants a robot tax", "Why 'Raising a Black Son' Is a de Blasio Campaign Theme", "New York City Mayor, First Lady Get Lukewarm Grades, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Voters Say 4-1 De Blasio Should Not Run For President", "Trump's Competition for Most Unpopular Politician in New York: de Blasio", "Voters don't like no shot campaigns. [87][88][89], In 2016, de Blasio expressed support for the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks. De Blasio, who initially defended the NYPD's actions against protesters, including after officers drove police vehicles through crowds, expressed "remorse" for how the city dealt with the protests. In 1997 de Blasio was appointed as a regional director in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, working under Andrew Cuomo. Thompson's withdrawal made de Blasio the Democratic nominee against Republican Joe Lhota in the general election. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. According to the New York Post, no one seems to know what that money was utilised for after four years. Much of that federal aid is being quickly pumped into new programming, rather than spreading it out to reduce multi-billion dollar budget gaps that await the next administration a bet that jump-starting economic activity will induce more tax revenue down the road. The family moved to Connecticut; Warren was chief international economist for Texaco and Maria worked in public relations at the Italian consulate. [115], In April 2019, De Blasio announced his support for the Green New Deal and for legislation to ban the construction of glass and steel skyscrapers in New York City, citing environmental concerns and feeling they contribute to global warming. [147][148], In November 2019, de Blasio criticized former mayor Michael Bloomberg's apology for the stop and frisk policy, tweeting, "This is LONG overdue and the timing is transparent and cynical. [77] The investigation ended in March 2017 with no charges. [65][66] He also pledged to invest $150 million annually into the City University of New York to lower tuition and improve degree programs. [48] De Blasio was inaugurated as New York City's third Public Advocate on January 1, 2010. He was unable to qualify for Democratic primary debates in September and October, which were seen as necessary events for his campaign to maintain viability. He owes nearly $320,000 in taxpayer . [173] Just before he suspended his campaign, his approval rating had dropped to 33%, with 58% disapproving. De Blasio was born in Manhattan and raised primarily in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This story has been shared 157,724 times. Bill de Blasio still wants to do to the rest of the country what he did to the city but this time as a member of President Bidens Cabinet, The Post has learned. In a press conference, de Blasio told reporters that while he had called the police to make an inquiry regarding Findlayter's arrest he did not ask the police to release him. [106] In early June 2020, he was criticized for enforcing restrictions on religious gatherings to no more than 25% of capacity whereas all other groups were allowed to operate at 50% capacity. Many officers again turned their backs on him when he spoke at a service for Familia. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "[143], On December 3, 2014, after a grand jury decided not to indict NYPD officer Daniel Pantaleo in the death of Eric Garner, de Blasio said in a speech that he and his African American wife, Chirlane McCray, had had many conversations with their biracial son about taking "special care in any encounters he has with the police officers who are there to protect him". Bill de Blasio Net Worth and Salary: Bill de Blasio is a Democratic American politician who has a net worth of $3 million. Donors include businessmen from real-estate developer Donald Capoccia to Google founder Eric Schmidt. Last year, de Blasio pulled out all the stops to avoid layoffs and major cuts, even as the city was reeling from a $10 billion revenue shortfall caused by the pandemic lockdown a move panned by budget watchdogs. Bill de Blasio, original name Warren Wilhelm, Jr., (born May 8, 1961, New York, New York, U.S.), American Democratic politician who was mayor of New York City (2014-21). Enjoy a year of . Bill de Blasio could use the money he raised during his failed run for the House this summer to pay off campaign debts accumulated when he ran for president in 2019. Walsh, a former mayor of Boston, is reportedly planning to resign within days to run the NHL Players Association. As campaign manager, de Blasio encouraged teamwork and open deliberation, to the point of being criticized by some as indecisive. When asked if he is comfortable with this, Mayor Bill went straight to the legalities. Im a first-generation college student, the student said during a classroom Q&A session. De Blasio's annual salary as mayor went from $225,000 in 2017 to $258,750 in 2018, thanks to legislation he signed in 2016. The long list of mayors who called Gracie Mansion home over the years includes William O'Dwyer, Robert F. Wagner, John V. Lindsay, Edward Koch, Rudolph Giuliani, and Bill de Blasio. Current Mayor Eric Adams and his family live at the mansion. Next years budget will include nearly $2 billion for education programs including an expansion of 3K, with the goal of offering it to every household by September 2023, along with academic recovery services and additional special education funding. [133], During his mayoral tenure, de Blasio's relationship with the New York City Police Department was called "strained",[134] "combative",[135] and "frosty". [52], As public advocate, de Blasio repeatedly criticized Bloomberg's education policies. The IDNYC card program was launched on January 1, 2015. [132], De Blasio put his wife, Chirlane McCray, in charge of major policy initiatives such as the Mayors Fund to Advance New York City and ThriveNYC (a $850 million mental health initiative). '"[68] Time called it "The Ad That Won the New York Mayor's Race", noting that after it ran, "de Blasio built a steady lead that he never relinquished. Updates? However, his efforts to impose a millionaires tax on wealthy New York City residents met resistance from state legislators, who were responsible for approving tax changes. Bill understands the needs of parents and children when it comes to getting a quality education because he also is a parent. But there sure seems to be a double standard. 37.4375rem .recirc display none media min width 37.5rem .recirc heading font family var custom font default font size var preset font size small letter spacing 0.01em margin .9375rem padding top .625rem position relative. [169][170], Despite his large margins of victory during his mayoral races, polls found de Blasio to be widely unpopular. 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Lightfoots election loss: Letters to the Editor March 3, 2023. The largest came from the American Federation of Teachers, parent organization of the United Federation of Teachers. After serving one term as public advocate, he was elected mayor of New York City in 2013 and reelected in 2017 . In his inaugural address, he reiterated his campaign pledge to address "economic and social inequalities" within the city. [105], De Blasio was criticized for singling out Jewish residents of the city, following tweets directed at "the Jewish community", who described de Blasio's actions as scapegoating. car evaluation dataset decision tree. And with good reason. On May 20, 2022, he announced he was running in the 2022 U.S. House election in the newly redrawn 10th congressional district. De Blasio started his career as an elected official on the New York City Council, representing the 39th district in Brooklyn from 2002 to 2009. His personal campaign and Campaign for One New York are, he said, very different realities. He also noted that while campaign-finance laws generally impose limits on contributions to the campaigns of individual candidates, when youre talking about an issue-oriented organization, its a different approach.. [25] Following the campaign, de Blasio was an aide in City Hall. [1][4] He is the third son of Maria Angela (ne de Blasio; 19172007) and Warren Wilhelm (19171979). [188][189][190], De Blasio is a passionate fan of the Boston Red Sox, having said he has a "deep devotion" to the New York Yankees' archrivals. and Privacy Policy. He outlined a plan to discontinue the policy of offering rent-free space to the city's 183 charter schools and to place a moratorium on the co-location of charter schools in public school buildings. [69] He reached 43% in a Quinnipiac poll released a week before the primary. De Blasio used the Campaign for One New York to advance his political agenda, including his signature policy of universal pre-K. [186], At 6ft 5in (1.96m), de Blasio is the tallest mayor in New York City's history. De Blasio's debts to the firm could rise to as high as $435,000, according to digital news platform The City, once interest payments are factored in for the late payments. With all due respect to my predecessor, weve spent six years undoing the damage he created with this bankrupt policy. Now, Mr. de Blasio is facing a possible $9 billion budget gap and significant unrest within his own administration over his handling of both the coronavirus crisis and the mass. Preschool for three-year-olds would start in poorer neighborhoods, with the goal of covering the entire city, if the state or federal governments provided funding. ", "The Political Education Of Bill de Blasio", "Charlie Rangel's rival endorsed by 'New York Times', "NYC Council 39 D Primary Race September 25, 2001", "New York City Council 39 Race November 6, 2001", "New York City Council 39 Race November 4, 2003", "New York City Council 39 Race November 8, 2005", "Filing, on behalf of the Council, an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs in the litigation between individual tenants and landlords captioned Rosario v. Diagonal Realty LLC. This story has been shared 174,787 times. (Though called Bill from an early age, he changed his name in 1983 to Warren de Blasio-Wilhelmhis mothers family name was de Blasioand then adopted Bill de Blasio as his legal name in 2002.). The cut was announced after the NYCHA discovered it could not pay for approximately 2,600 vouchers that had already been issued. The program, which made pre-K available to every four-year-old in the city, was widely seen as a success. During the 82-day Battle of Okinawa, a grenade detonated below his left foot, and his leg was later amputated below the knee. Celebrities such as Alec Baldwin and Sarah Jessica Parker endorsed him, as did prominent politicians such as former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and U.S. Congresswoman Yvette Clarke. There had been arguments and shouting matches between the mayor and some of his advisers; some top health officials had even threatened to resign if he refused to accept the need to close schools and businesses." My parents are immigrants. De Blasio didnt immediately return a request for comment. [63] De Blasio and Levin were released a few hours later with disorderly conduct summonses. Despite critics prediction of an upswing in crime, the citys crime rate fell. "[99] On March 2, de Blasio encouraged New Yorkers in a tweet "to go on with your lives + get out on the town despite Coronavirus". Thank God Joe Biden got elected and the people of Georgia sent two Democrats to the U.S. Senate, de Blasio said during an appearance on NY1 later in the day. [45], On September 15, 2009, de Blasio finished first in the Democratic primary, garnering 33% of the vote. out from under waffle knit top. [176] After failing to qualify for the third round of primary debates,[177] de Blasio announced the suspension of his campaign on September 20, 2019. [160] Jon Orcutt, a spokesman for Bike New York, said, "Everybody's talking about Citi Bikes and scooters but it's the humble bike rack that needs more attention. how did bill de blasio make his moneydoes the wesleyan church believe in speaking in tongues. De Blasio endorsed the decision. In 2013, de Blasio campaigned hard on the promise to end the NYPD's use of stop and frisk, and to make the police generally more cooperative with the city's residents of color. The TragicallyMisguided Arguments about Affordable Housing in NYC ShakingNews", "Tax Abatement for Developers Has Passed in State Budget, But Critics are Not Sold", "Some See Risk in de Blasio's Bid to Add Housing", "NYC, Feds Reach Agreement To Overhaul Struggling NYCHA", "Deputy Mayor Who Oversaw Amazon Deal and Troubled Housing Authority Is Leaving", "De Blasio has enjoyed a spending spree, expanded NYC's budget every year", "The Timeline of How Bill de Blasio Prepared New York City for the Coronavirus", "Transcript: Mayor de Blasio Appears Live on Inside City Hall", "Resurfaced Tweets Show New York and San Francisco Mayors' Strikingly Different Coronavirus Messages on Same Day One Month Ago", "De Blasio haunted by weeks-old tweet urging people to 'get out on the town despite coronavirus', "Transcript: Mayor de Blasio Holds Media Availability on COVID-19", "Mayor Says That Healthy People Should Still Be Dining Out", "Mayor Resisted Drastic Steps on Virus. De Blasio has called attention to what he calls stark economic inequality in New York City, which he described as a "tale of two cities" during his first campaign. [163] In 2017, de Blasio proposed an expansion of the program to "3-K", to include three-year-olds. Bell, 71% to 17%. [142] A spokesperson for the mayor said that de Blasio's call occurred after the police already had decided to release Findlayter. Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type bool in /home1/expertadmin/mosandah.com.sa/wp-content/themes/betheme/functions/theme-functions.php on line 1489 . [24] He continued to support the Sandinistas in his spare time and joined a group called the Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York, which held meetings and fundraisers for the Sandinista political party. De Blasio was term-limited and ineligible to seek a third term in the 2021 New York City mayoral election. Youll see a lot of good money funding these programs, but virtually no steps taken to address the long-term budget problem, said Andrew Rein, executive director of the Citizens Budget Commission. (Int 0535-2005)", "Provision of language assistance services. Flush with cash, on Monday de Blasio outlined several new areas of spending. [24] After returning from Nicaragua, de Blasio moved to New York City, where he worked for a nonprofit organization focused on improving health care in Central America. "[180], De Blasio and his wife, activist and poet Chirlane McCray, met while both were working for Mayor Dinkins' administration and married in 1994. Bill de Blasio is married to his wife Chirlane McCray. assistant driller job responsibilities. Findlayter was then detained by police on outstanding warrants and driving with a suspended license. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio's wife, Chirlane McCray, was given $900 million to start a mental health initiative focusing on helping the homeless in the city. [59] After Weiner joined the race in April, early polls showed de Blasio in fourth or fifth place. Mayor Bill de Blasio says New York City will increase COVID-19 testing in schools when the holiday break ends next week in an effort to keep classrooms open despite a surge in infections due. [64], During his mayoral campaign, de Blasio outlined a plan to raise taxes on residents earning more than $500,000 a year to pay for universal pre-kindergarten programs and to expand after-school programs at middle schools. [23], In 1984, de Blasio worked for the Urban Fellows Program at the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice. By clicking above you agree to the Terms of Use He vowed to settle cases with claimants who had ongoing litigation against the police for stop and frisk arrests. Andr Munro was an editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica. However, he was unable to garner much support, and he dropped out of the race in September. Cuomo Boosts Charter Schools, Going Over Mayor de Blasio's Head Again", "New York Finds Space for 3 Charter Schools", De Blasio insists his ban on glass-and-steel buildings is real, De Blasio's 'glass skyscraper ban,' explained, "De Blasio defends NYPD: Protesters should've "gotten out of the way", "De Blasio: 'We will be moving funding from the NYPD to youth initiatives and social services', "De Blasio now says some 'anarchist' protesters are local amid continued defense of NYPD", "Theodore Roosevelt Statue To Be Removed From New York Museum Entrance", "New York Mayor Condemns BDS, Calls to Stamp Out anti-Semitism", "Ilhan Omar: US House votes amid anti-Semitism row", "De Blasio: Legalizing Marijuana In NYC Is 'Once-In-A-Generation Opportunity', "Experts predict 2019 will be a "real game-changer" for marijuana legalization. Bloomberg restored the funding, agreeing to find savings elsewhere in the budget. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [32] He was reelected with 72% of the vote in 2002[33] and with 83% of the vote in 2005. [159], While the de Blasio administration planned on increasing the rate at which bicycle racks were added in the city, the annual rate instead fell by 42% compared to the Bloomberg administration, reaching a new average of 1,633 new racks per year. [172] A May 2019 Quinnipiac University poll of New York City voters found that 76% did not want de Blasio to run for president. Chirlane McCray, the wife of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, was awarded $900 million to launch a mental health project aimed at assisting the city's homeless. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [136], Ending the NYPD's "stop and frisk" policy was a centerpiece of De Blasio's campaign. His mother rejected her Roman Catholic faith. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science (Northwestern University) and has written numerous articles Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. "[122] De Blasio condemned Representative Ilhan Omar's remarks about Israel and pro-Israel lobbyists as "absolutely unacceptable" and "illogical". Never miss a story. In a July 15 filing with the Federal Election Commission, De Blasio reported raising $1.1 million since launching his campaign on May 16, and. But when the leaders of public-sector unions have their parent organizations make six-figure deposits into a Democratic mayors pet lobbying group, even while they are negotiating with him over their own salaries and benefits, suddenly its no longer a problem. We've received your submission. [27] In 1997, he was appointed to serve as the regional director for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for New York and New Jersey under the administration of President Bill Clinton. [129][130] It was soon revealed that the city was not disclosing new infections as required by the new policy,[131] and children continued to become infected after undergoing the ritual. In January 2013 de Blasio announced outside his Brooklyn home his intention to run for mayor of New York City. [8][9] His paternal grandparents were Donald Wilhelm, of Ohio, and Nina (ne Warren), of Iowa. And while that decrease was offset by increased corporate and personal income taxes this year the result of unemployment insurance, federal aid and a blockbuster year for Wall Street those sources of cash are more volatile, rising and falling with the broader economy. A member of the Democratic Party, he held the office of New York City Public Advocate from 2010 to 2013. [2] He withdrew from the race on July 19, saying he was done with "electoral politics". [49], In June 2010, de Blasio opposed a New York City Housing Authority decision to cut the number of Section 8 vouchers issued to low-income New Yorkers. [56] The same month, he also criticized a Bloomberg administration proposal to lay off more than 4,600 teachers to balance the city's budget; de Blasio organized parents and communities against the proposed cuts and staged a last-minute call-a-thon. [57], On January 27, 2013, de Blasio announced his candidacy for mayor of New York City in the fall election. "[119] De Blasio blamed "anarchist" protesters for inciting and organizing violent riots. [39][40][41][42][43], In November 2008, de Blasio announced his candidacy for New York City Public Advocate, entering a crowded field of candidates vying for the Democratic nomination that included former Public Advocate Mark J. Michael Bloomberg was the first mayor to refuse to stay in the mansion for the duration of his term. Political career: campaign manager and councillor, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bill-de-Blasio, City of New York - Biography of Bill de Blasio, Bill de Blasio - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. [193][194], According to Forbes, De Blasio and his wife had a net worth of $2.5 million as of August 2019.[195]. De Blasio proved himself to be politically savvy early in life: as a student activist in high school and college, he advocated for student rights and protested issues as diverse as library hours and nuclear proliferation. "[151] Two years later, Tantoco's efforts were only partially successful. According to his 2017 personal financial disclosure, he reported also collecting rental income totaling between $63,000 and $204,000 from four properties. [24], U.S. Representative Charles Rangel tapped de Blasio to be his campaign manager for his successful 1994 reelection bid. "We want these landlords to feel like they're being watched", de Blasio told the New York Daily News. While he did not grow up in New York City, his parents drove from their home in Norwalk, Connecticut, to Manhattan's Doctors Hospital for his birth. "[7], When de Blasio was 18, his father committed suicide while suffering from incurable lung cancer. Hes calling friends in the Biden administration to help make his case and push his candidacy.. Bill de Blasio still wants to do to the rest of the country what he did to the city but this time as a member of President Biden's Cabinet, The Post has learned. For all his railing against the evil of big money in politics, he's. Early life Another key element of de Blasios campaign was his commitment to reform the so-called stop-and-frisk program of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) authorizing police officers to stop, question, and search individuals suspected of criminal activity without the need of probable cause. (Int 0038-2002)", "Snubbing Green (Gently), Sharpton Backs de Blasio", "De Blasio and Green in Runoff for Advocate", "Public Advocate Takes a Challenging Tone, and Thoughts of 2013 Are Near", "Public Advocate Bill de Blasio: Section 8 housing Subsidies Cuts Will Cost City", "New Website Aims to Shine Light on City's Worst Slumlords", "Bill de Blasio: Citizens United Avengers", "Bill de Blasio Unimpressed With Cathie Black's Hedging On A Public School Do-Over For Her Kids", "Protects Against the MTA Continue in Effort to Save Student MetroCards", "Public Advocate de Blasio & NYC Parents Fight to Protect City's Daycare Centers", "Consensus for Reform: A Plan for Collaborative School Co-Locations", "In 11th Hour Push, Public Advocate de Blasio Brings Voice of Parents to City Hall", "De Blasio, Announcing Mayoral Bid, Pledges to Help People City Hall Forgot", "Anthony Weiner Surges to Lead in Democratic Mayoral Race: NBC NY/WSJ/Marist Poll", "Sarah Jessica Parker Backs Bill de Blasio", "All the Celebrities in Bill de Blasio's New Ad", "Bill de Blasio, Dan Squadron and Other Brooklyn Pols Storm LICH After SUNY Sends in Closure Plan", "De Blasio Proposes NYC Tax Surcharge on Wealthy for Schools", "Up Close With NYC's Mayoral Candidates: Bill de Blasio (D)", "City's Charter Schools Fear Having de Blasio for a Landlord", "The Ad That Won the New York Mayor's Race", "De Blasio Surges Past 40% In New York City Mayoral Race", "Race for New York Mayor's office sees Bill De Blasio edging it", "A Display of Democratic Unity as Thompson Cedes to de Blasio", "Working Families Party Leaders Back Bill de Blasio for Mayor of New York City", "New York: Voter Turnout Appears to Be Record Low", "A Beginner's Guide to the Many Investigations Involving Mayor Bill de Blasio", "Election Results: De Blasio Wins Second Term as New York City Mayor", "Taking Office, de Blasio Vows to Fix Inequity", "De Blasio Draws All Liberal Eyes to New York City", "De Blasio Adds $35 Million to Snow Removal Budget", "Mayor de Blasio Admits Mistakes in Snow Removal on New York's Upper East Side", "Winter Offensive Takes Toll on East Coast", "Mayor de Blasio Signs Legislation to Create Municipal ID Card", "De Blasio's popularity takes a dive amid subway crisis", "How Bill de Blasio Went From Progressive Hope to Punching Bag", Mayor de Blasio joins Democrats in calling on President Obama to go after Saudi Arabia on 9/11 ties, "Why de Blasio's affordable housing plan is in trouble [in 5 steps]", "Affordable for Whom?
Longmont Recent Obituaries,
How To Connect Alesis Nitro To Computer,
Carpet Underlay Turned To Dust,
Articles H